Brahmagiri is a mountain range in the Western Ghats. It is situated in Nashik
district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple is located near this place. Brahmagiri, the hill (Giri) of Lord
Brahma appears in many mythological and legendary documents. The first peak of
Sahyadri is called Brahmadri. The story
associated with this is that Shankar was pleased with Brahmadev and said, "Your the name shall know me." Hence it is called Brahmagiri. The mountain is 1800 ft high. Its height from sea level is 4248 ft. Five peaks of this mountain are called
Sadyo-Jata, Vamdev, and Aghora. Ishana and Tat-Purusha and are considered as
five mouths of Lord Shiva, and they are worshipped. Its coordinates are 19056'N
73032'E. Legend says that the saint Gautam and
his wife Ahalya resided on this hill. Saint Gautam worshiped Lord Shiva to
bring Ganga to this hill. This river is known as River Gautami in the
Brahmagiri hills. Brahmagiri (1298 meters) is to the west of Trimbakeshwar, and
this fort offers a commanding view of the Jawhar Mokhada region of Thane
district. Trimbakeshwar itself is a place of worship because it is one
of the 12 Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva.
The term "medicinal plant" includes
various types of plants used in herbalism ("herbology" or "herbal
medicine"). The word "herb"
has been derived from the Latin word "herba" and an old French word "herbe."
Now a day's herb refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark,
flower, leaf, stigma or root, and the non-woody plant. Earlier, the term "herb" was only
applied to non-woody plants, including those that come from trees and
shrubs. These medicinal
plants are also used as food, flavonoid, medicine or perfumes, and some
spiritual activities.
Medicinal plants are having various uses, such
as an anticancer drug. Medicinal plants are considered as rich resources of
ingredients that can be used in drug development. Apart from medicinal uses, herbs are also
used in natural dye, pest control, food, perfumes, tea, etc. It also reduces diarrhea,
constipation, hypertension, low sperm count, dysentery, piles, coated tongue,
menstrual disorders, bronchial asthma, etc. Most medicinal plants have diseased
in their seedling stage; hence, there is an economic loss caused. It also
affects the diversity of rare, endangered, endemic, native, vulnerable plant
species. Because of disease attacks, the whole plant gets destroyed suddenly.
The meaning of seedling is that "a plant
or tree grew from a seed, not yet 1 meter high". Another meaning is a "seedling is a
young plant that has been grown from a seed." So medicinal herbs infected
by various diseases at their seedling stages. There is essential information on
crop plants. Nevertheless, such information is very insignificant in medicinal
plants under cultivation and naturally growing (Hanna Blum et al. 2006).
Medicinal herbs have long played important roles in the treatment of diseases
all over the world. Medicinal plants are a source of a wide variety of natural
antioxidants and are used to treat diseases worldwide. Some of these properties
are antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic,
immunomodulatory, and even renoprotective effects. Most medicinal plants have specific compounds
other than antioxidants, which are useful in treating or preventing diseases. In
this regard, medicinal plants have also been a reliable source of new drugs
(Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei, 2012). Today's herbal products symbolize safety in
contrast to the synthetics that are regarded as unsafe to humans and the
environment. There are 2, 50,000 higher plant species on earth, more than
80,000 are medicinal. India is one of the word's 12 biodiversity centers with over
45,000 different plant species. In
India, herbal origin drugs have been used in traditional systems of medicines
such as Unani and Ayurveda since ancient times. The drugs are derived from the
whole plant or different organs, like leaves, stem, bark, root, flower, seed
etc. Some drugs are prepared from
excretory plant products such as gum, resin, and latex. Even the Allopathic
system of medicine has adopted several plant-derived drugs. Some essential
chemical intermediates needed for manufacturing modern drugs are also obtained
from plants.
India is floristically rich and ranking 10th among the world's plant resources-rich nations
and 4th among Asia's countries. India is the 7th largest
country globally and Asia's 2nd largest nation with an area of
3,287,263 Sq.Km. and is an example of diverse ecosystems (Swingland,
2001). The damping-off disease is caused
by a soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia solani that attacks germinated
seedlings that have not yet emerged or have just emerged (Goner A. Shaker,
2016). Damping-off of seedling is
very common all over the world. It
occurs in agriculture and forest soils, tropical and temperate climates, and almost
every greenhouse or nursery. Damping-off
can be of two types: pre-emergence damping-off. The seeds and radical rot
before the seedlings emerge from the soil and the post-emergence damping-off in
which the newly emerged seedlings are killed at ground level after they emerge
from the soil, causing them to collapse.
This is a common symptom of post-emergence damping-off.
There are various medicinal plants
occurred in the Western Ghats such as Acalypha ciliate, Acalypha indica, Achyranthes
aspera, Adhatoda zeylanica, Aegle marmelos, Areca catechu, Azadirachta indica,
Asparagus racemosus, Withania somnifera, Bidens pilosa, Butea monosperma,
Calotropis gigantea, Canna indica, Cassia tora, Cleom viscosa, Emblica
officinalis, Saraca asoca, Phyllanthous amarus(Bhumi Amla), Bacopa
monnieri (Brahmi), Swirtia chiraita(Chiraita), Gymnema sylvestre (Gudmar),
Commiphora wightii (Guggul), Tinospora cordifolia(Gulvel), Gloriosa
superb(Calihari), Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh, Bhui neem), Solanum
nigrum (Makoi), Rauvolfia serpentina ( Sarpagandha), Casia
augstifolia (Senna), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Mentha piperita(Peppermint)
Lawsonia innermis ( Henna, Mehndi), Aloe vera(Korphad), Catharanthus
roseus (Periwinkle, Sadafuli), Plumbago zeylanica (Swet Chitrak), Strychinos
nuxvomica (Kochila), Terminalia chebula (Hirda), Terminalia
bellerica (Behda), Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru), Macuna pruriens (
Khajkuhili) etc.
Such a wide range of medicinal plants found on
the Western Ghats, Brahmagiri hills, is a mountain range in the Western Ghats
of Maharashtra State. Hence found a large
amount of wild herbal medicinal plants. Medicinal
plants are also suffered fungal diseases at their seedling stages like any
other food and fodder crops. However, herbal medicinal plant diseases are not
given that much importance, like other commercially important crops. Herbal plants also cause damping-off
seedling, seedling blight, root rot, stem rot, leaf spot diseases, etc. There are various types of fungal diseases of
herbal medicinal plants viz. Phytophthora stem blight and root rot. Aerial
stem blight and root rot are caused by Phytophthora nicotianae and occasionally
other species. Pythium root rot,
this pathogen does not cause branch blight, only root rot, and damping-off of
seedlings. Rhizoctonia stem and
root rot, Rhizoctonia species sometimes causes stem rot to turn
yellow, wilt, and collapse. Affected
plants are stunted; their roots have brown lesions, leaves turn yellow, and
plant wilt even when soil moisture is sufficient.
Gray-mold Botrytis Blight, this
disease caused by Botrytis cineria is seen occasionally during cold,
moist spring weather. The pathogen
usually builds-up on dead plant parts, and disease develops when these come
into contact with living tissue.
Symptoms progress rapidly and include leaf spots and blights, stem
cankers, stem rots, and damping-off seedlings.
Black root rot is caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola. The primary root problems in Asparagus
include Fusarium crown and root rot and Phytophthora rot (Wade H.
Elmer). The damping-off disease is caused by soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia
solani that attacks germinated seedlings that have not yet emerged or have
just emerged. Fennel crops suffer
from many diseases causing by fungi pathogens, such as Rhizoctonia solani,
Pythium aphanidermatum, Cercospora sp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria
alternate, and Fusarium oxysporum (Khare et al. 2014).
Most of the herbal medicinal plants
die at their seedling stage. There are
many reasons to cause diseases at their seedling stage viz- air-borne fungi,
weather change, soil-borne fungi, etc. Very few information is available about
the incidence, prevalence, epidemiology, and management of herbal medicinal
plants' seedling diseases. There is
little information, or research work is available on seedling diseases of
herbal medicinal plants. The amount of
damage the disease causes to seedlings depends on the fungus, host
tolerance/susceptibility, soil moisture, and temperature. Seedlings may die before or after they emerge
from the soil (pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off,
respectively). Seedlings in seedbeds
often are destroyed by damping-off, or they die after transplanting. Hence, try to investigate eco-friendly
management practices; hence it will reduce the hazardous effects caused by
environmentally harmful management practices.
In that uses of Biorational pesticides; these pesticides are defined as
products that are considered to be environmentally friendly because they have
minimal harmful effects on non-target organisms and the environment; they are
frequently more "user friendly" than traditional pesticides
(Biochemicals which include plant products such as essential oils and various
compounds synthesized by other organisms such as chitin and chitosan). Indeed, these biopesticides present many
advantages in terms of sustainability, mode of action, and toxicity compared to
chemical pesticides. By using antagonism
or biological pesticides, it is also called antibiosis-these pesticides are
living agents called biological control agents.
For example, by using certain bacteria, fungi can be controlled
ecofriendly.
Nevertheless, including these things,
certain drawbacks of the biocontrol agent are that they have certain
limitations, which means they resist pathogens' growth at a certain level. In
contrast, biocontrol agents are affected by environmental changes. However,
on the other hand, chemical fungicides do not affect environmental changes;
hence, they try to use chemical fungicides that cause a minimal effect on the
host. Its residual effects do not persist for an extended period. By thoroughly investigations of seedlings
diseases of herbal medicinal plants uses of wild varieties of medicinal plants
seeds would be done for that seeds will be collected from Brahmagiri hills,
Western Ghats region because to know the reason behind seedling diseases which
infection generally come from soil(pre-emergence or post-emergence of
seedlings). Due to this, most herbal
medicinal plants die at their seedling stages. It losses generally on the
nursery bed whenever economic losses take place because the whole plant gets
destroyed. Hence, to overcome this
problem (seedling diseases) after transplantations and avoid economic
losses.
It can
save the loss of biodiversity and the conservation of herbal medicinal plants. Because many medicinal herbs are affected by
seedling diseases such as Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia,
etc., it creates more significant amounts of biodiversity loss.
Good morning
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